Category: ESG

By Dr Carmelo Ferlito 

“In essence, technological development can occur when Keynesian animal spirits, or positive profit expectations, are awakened and find the right environment for meaningful competition. Within these competitive processes, concentration dynamics emerge, enabling further technical progress through the exploitation of economies of scale.” 

One of the main weaknesses, although not extensively discussed in policy debates, is the fragmented nature of Malaysian capitalism, encapsulated by the dichotomy between Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and large corporations. 

In 2021, Malaysia had a total of 1,259,234 registered firms, with 1,226,494 being MSMEs (97.4%). This implies that, in terms of numbers, MSMEs nearly encompass the entire landscape of operating firms in Malaysia. Notably, 964,495 firms (76.59% of the total and 78.64% of MSMEs) were microenterprises, 242,540 (19.26%) were small firms, and only 19,459 (1.55%) were medium-sized enterprises. 

MSMEs Snapshot 

MSMEs play a crucial role, with the majority operating in services and employing nearly half of the workforce across various industries. 

Sector Distribution 

Service Sector: 83.85% 

Construction: 8.01% 

Manufacturing: 5.84% 

Agriculture: 1.93% 

Mining: 0.37% 

Workforce Impact (2021) 

Overall MSME Employment: 47.2% 

Agriculture: 42.2% 

Construction: 48.2% 

Services: 49.5% 

Manufacturing: 46.2% 

Mining & Quarrying: 27.9% 

The partial picture that emerges so far is that a country’s economy is dominated, in terms of the number of firms, by microbusinesses. MSMEs, in their entirety, represent more than 97% of the registered firms and employ almost half of the workforce. However, the question remains: How much do these MSMEs contribute to the national economy? 

When we look at MSMEs’ contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the figures tell a distinct story. In 2021, MSMEs accounted for 37.36% of Malaysia’s GDP, slightly down from 38.13% in 2020 and 38.86% in 2019. Notably, their impact was more significant in agriculture (55.25%) and construction (48.27%), while their contribution was less than 40% in services and manufacturing and just 2.79% in mining. 

The data is straightforward: 97.4% of Malaysian firms contributed 37.36% to the GDP, while the remaining 2.6% (large enterprises) generated 62.64%. 

The dispersed nature of Malaysian capitalism—which I would define as an archipelago—is confirmed by one of the most used indexes to measure industrial concentration, the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI). According to the guidelines of the United States Department of Justice, an industry is highly concentrated when HHI is above 2,500 (and up to the maximum level of 10,000), moderately concentrated with an HHI between 1,500 and 2,500, and an index below 1,500 characterises a low level of concentration. 

According to the data collected by the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), provided by the World Bank, the Herfindahl-Hirschman (HH) market concentration index for Malaysia was 800 between 2015 and 2018. However, it increased to 900 in 2019 and further rose to 1,000 in 2020. Therefore, despite experiencing an upward trend in recent years, the level of market concentration in Malaysia remains low. This aligns with the depiction of a dispersed archipelago of firms emerging from the data provided by the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM) mentioned above. 

Following the traditional textbook definition of competition, an economist should be pleased to observe the low level of concentration within Malaysian capitalism and the prevalence of a model of semi-perfect competition. However, my stance is critical in this regard. 

In fact, I believe that such a capitalistic structure poses an obstacle to addressing some of the most debated topics in policy conversations. The first concern is related to low wages and social mobility: as per the ongoing debate, Malaysia faces challenges with low and stagnant wages, and this condition acts as an incentive for the phenomenon of brain drain. 

The situation is accompanied by a rise in skill-related underemployment. The upward trend in skill-related underemployment predates the Great Lockdown, and, although moderating, it remained high at 36.7% in Q2-2022, significantly exceeding the 31.4% recorded in 2017. 

However, a fragmented structure of capitalism is not solely a barrier to wage increases and social mobility. Two additional challenges that necessitate the promotion of industrial concentration are social protection and technical progress. These issues also hold considerable significance in policy discussions. 

The Malaysian social protection system is often deemed inadequate and a hindrance in the battle against poverty. While global experience teaches us that large-scale government-run welfare systems are inefficient and economically unsustainable, the only path for employees to access better social protection conditions is to work for large enterprises. These companies, generally more resilient to economic crises, are better positioned to provide comprehensive protection, including medical coverage. 

In the current stage of capitalism’s evolution, as described by Joseph A. Schumpeter (Business Cycles, 1939; Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 1942) and later by his disciple Paolo Sylos Labini (Oligopoly and Technical Progress, 1957), technological leaps are conceivable only within the process of industrial concentration. These advancements occur not as a result of government planning but rather emerge from economies of scale precisely fostered by the competitive process. 

Furthermore, and precisely for this reason, technological leaps cannot be enforced through centralised policy decisions. New production techniques, ceteris paribus, will only be adopted if they are anticipated to yield a greater “return from a given investment of factors” (F.A. Hayek, The Pure Theory of Capital, 1941). 

From a policy perspective, the initial step should involve removing policy-induced obstacles to the process of industrial concentration. A case in point is the rice industry, which is artificially kept fragmented and underdeveloped due to unfavourable policies. 

Strategies to Boost Entrepreneurial Growth  

Trade Liberalisation 

Why? Access to a broader market leads to higher demand. 

How? It motivates enterprises to grow and fosters international competition through economies of scale. 

Entrepreneurial Networks 

What? Cooperative partnerships among companies via a “Contract of Network.” 

Why? Enhances collaboration, facilitates sharing of information and provides mutual support. 

Benefit: Special fiscal treatment to encourage and reward entrepreneurial collaboration. 

Implementing these strategies can empower entrepreneurs, facilitate market access and create a supportive environment for business growth. 

In essence, technological development can occur when Keynesian animal spirits, or positive profit expectations, are awakened and find the right environment for meaningful competition. Within these competitive processes, concentration dynamics emerge, enabling further technical progress through the exploitation of economies of scale. 

ABOUT THE WRITER

Dr Carmelo Ferlito (born in Verona, Italy, in 1978) serves as the CEO of the Center for Market Education (CME) and is a senior fellow at the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Additionally, Dr Ferlito works as a research advisor for Provalindo Nusa Property in Jakarta, Indonesia. He holds the position of visiting professor at Taylor’s University in Subang Jaya, Malaysia, and is a Senior Fellow (Southeast Asia) at the Property Rights Alliance in Washington, DC, USA. 

In the ever-evolving landscape of corporate practices, the emergence of ESG reporting has become a beacon of sustainability, transparency, and accountability. However, navigating the intricate terrain of ESG comes with its fair share of challenges. From the potential for misrepresentation to the spectre of fraud, the journey toward ESG excellence is a complex one.

In the heart of the Asia-Pacific region, Bursa Malaysia has taken the lead in championing ESG initiatives. The FTSE4Good Bursa Malaysia (F4GBM) Index, a collaborative effort with FTSE Russell, stands as a testament to Malaysia’s commitment to sustainable practices. It serves not just as an index but as a catalyst, guiding investor decisions, enhancing visibility for high-performing companies, and advocating for transparency. The objective is clear – to pave the way for a transition toward a sustainable economy.

Yet, as these initiatives unfold, a question lingers: Are governments, industries, society, and individuals truly ready for ESG? While sceptics may dismiss ESG as a passing trend, there is a growing consensus that it represents a fundamental shift in how businesses approach sustainability and responsibility.

The journey is not without its hurdles. Inconsistent and complicated standards pose a challenge, making it difficult to compare the performance of different companies. The remedy lies in engaging subject matter experts and empowering in-house talent to champion the cause. Training and internalization of ESG principles are crucial, for they will be the evangelists shaping the organization’s journey.

Enter the peril of “greenwashing,” where organizations exaggerate or misrepresent their ESG initiatives for a positive public image. The antidote? Transparent data, a shield against the vulnerabilities of deceptive claims. In the realm of ESG, accurate and complete data reigns supreme. Manipulation, cherry-picking, or selective reporting is a risky game that leads to dire consequences. Amidst these challenges, the call is for a balance between short-term gains and long-term sustainability goals. Organizations must fortify themselves against environmental, social, and governance risks to avoid sustained financial underperformance. The complexity of ESG factors adds another layer of difficulty. The interrelated issues demand effective identification, measurement, and reporting.

Stakeholder engagement emerges as a linchpin. Limited communication with investors, employees, and communities hampers the effectiveness of ESG reporting. The call is for a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches, with leadership understanding and appreciating the purpose of ESG. Yet, amid challenges, there is an opportunity to demystify ESG concepts. Engagement with ESG principles becomes a long-haul game, emphasizing sustained commitment and strategic planning. The key is simplification, making complex concepts accessible to a broad audience.

Use plain language, devoid of technical jargon, to ensure a common understanding. Tell compelling stories that bring abstract concepts to life. Visual representation through infographics and charts simplifies complexity. Focus on key metrics, avoiding information overload. Relate ESG to everyday life, connecting it to core values and using analogies for clarity.

Concrete examples become the embodiment of ESG practices within the organization. Interactive learning opportunities, educational campaigns, and stakeholder engagement become integral. The narrative becomes dynamic, with stakeholders actively participating in the dialogue about ESG.

As organizations move forward, the path becomes clearer. Evaluation of operational aspects, determination of specific data, and formulation of clear targets become essential steps. Customized ESG strategies, stakeholder consultations, and robust data systems ensure the journey is not just navigable but purposeful.

Technology becomes an ally, with machine learning and artificial intelligence streamlining processes. ESG principles infuse into the very fabric of business strategy and organizational structure. Understanding ESG regulations and clear reporting become non[1]negotiables, presenting transparent reports that resonate with stakeholders.

The call is not just for individual organizations but for collective action. Malaysia’s journey toward ESG excellence necessitates the development of local ESG standards. Collaboration with local stakeholders, supported by global subject matter experts, becomes imperative. A standard that is locally relevant and globally recognized becomes the lodestar for governments, multi-sectors, corporations, and enterprises.

Transparent ESG reporting becomes more than a corporate obligation; it becomes a powerful tool for showcasing commitment to sustainability, building trust, and driving positive change. The change begins here, now. Embrace transparent ESG reporting, not just as a corporate responsibility but as a beacon guiding the way toward a sustainable future.

ESG ENGAGEMENT MAKING IT DIGESTIBLE

Engaging with ESG principles requires sustained commitment and strategic planning. Simplifying complex concepts is key:

• Use Plain Language: Avoid technical terms and use accessible language for a broad audience. In-house training ensures a common understanding of ESG.
• Tell Compelling Stories: Real-life examples make abstract concepts tangible, fostering a personal connection with ESG principles.
• Visual Representation: Infographics, charts, and diagrams simplify complex data, enhancing understanding for stakeholders.
• Focus on Key Metrics: Highlighting relevant ESG metrics prevents information overload, focusing on the most impactful indicators.
• Relate to Everyday Life: Draw parallels between ESG principles and everyday experiences, making them relatable.
• Connect to Core Values: Emphasize how ESG aligns with core values, showcasing an organization’s commitment to positive impact.
• Use Analogies: Employ analogies to explain complex ESG concepts, making them easier to grasp.
• Provide Practical Examples: Concrete examples of ESG practices within the organization demonstrate commitment.
• 9Interactive Learning: Engage stakeholders through workshops or webinars for dynamic discussions and idea exchange.
• Educational Campaigns: Launch campaigns using various channels to raise awareness about ESG, making it fun and engaging.

MOVING FORWARD

Implementing these strategies demystifies ESG concepts, making them approachable for a broad range of stakeholders:

• Evaluate Operational Aspects: Identify material environmental, social, and governance elements for your organization.
• Determine Specific Data: Focus on material topics and ensure data veracity.
• Formulate Clear Targets: Align ESG targets with values, objectives, and reporting standards.
• Construct Customised Strategy: Develop a roadmap and relatable communication for stakeholders.
• Stakeholder Consultations: Involve stakeholders in strategy development.
• Establish Robust Data Systems: Implement agile data collection and management systems.
• Utilise Technology: Leverage machine learning and AI for streamlined processes.
• Infuse ESG into Business Strategy: Embed ESG principles into the organizational structure. 10 Clear Rep.
• Understand ESG Regulations: Ensure compliance with applicable regulations.
• Clear Reporting: Present transparent reports to stakeholders, emphasizing organizational achievements and goals.

Rizal Kamaruzzaman is Executive Director of Tindakan Strategi Sdn Bhd a homegrown organisation and a strategic bespoke consulting firm focusing on international business development, ESG, policies, business intelligence analytics, people development and organisation reengineering. He is also the Chief Business Officer at LC Wakaful Digital Sdn Bhd the creator of GoBarakah a ground-breaking Social Assistance Platform designed to transform the way social assistance is distributed. At the international stage he is the Executive Secretary to the World Zakat and Waqf Forum (2023 – 2026), a 43 nation member caucus focussing on zakat and waqf development and diplomacy.

The climate sirens blare, demanding attention from corporations and their environmental practices. While eco-conscious consumers and investors chant the mantra of “sustainability,” a cunning adversary lurks behind the shiny facade: greenwashing. This deceptive art form uses misleading claims and superficial gestures to paint a picture of environmental friendliness, masking the dark reality of unsustainable practices.

In Southeast Asia, greenwash brushstrokes are as prevalent as monsoon rains. From misleading labels touting “biodegradable” plastics that crumble instead of decomposing, to vague whispers of “carbon neutrality” devoid of concrete reduction strategies, businesses manipulate consumer perception with a magician’s sleight of hand. A 2020 Malaysian study by the Centre for Governance and Political Affairs (CGPA) revealed a shocking truth: over 40% of surveyed companies indulged in greenwashing. They cherry-picked positive environmental data while ignoring the negative, threw around ambiguous terms like “eco-friendly” without evidence, and focused on marketing campaigns instead of actual sustainability initiatives.

The consequences of this greenwashing charade are far-reaching. Misled consumers, armed with false information, make purchasing decisions that hinder progress towards a truly sustainable future. Meanwhile, genuinely environmentally conscious businesses are unfairly disadvantaged by their greenwashed competitors, creating a market rife with unfair competition.

But amidst this deceptive darkness, beacons of hope illuminate the path towards authentic sustainability. Businesses across Southeast Asia are taking genuine steps towards environmental and social responsibility, embracing the principles of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices. In Indonesia, PT Unilever Indonesia’s “Pengepulan Minyak Jelantah” program collects and recycles used cooking oil, preventing harmful waste from polluting the environment. Singapore’s DBS Bank has integrated sustainability into its core, with initiatives like green financing solutions and partnerships with renewable energy projects.

However, genuine sustainability cannot be confined to mere compliance with ESG frameworks. It demands a deep commitment to responsible business practices, unwavering transparency, and meaningful stakeholder engagement. Businesses must ditch token gestures and focus on systemic change, weaving sustainability into the very fabric of their value chains.

Malaysia shines a bright light on authentic sustainability practices with companies like Sime Darby Plantation and Eco-Friend leading the charge. Sime Darby Plantation, a major agribusiness player, has carved a path towards a deforestation-free future with its unwavering commitment since 2014. They’ve gone beyond mere promises, earning accreditation from the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and setting ambitious goals like achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Their dedication extends beyond policies, impacting local communities through partnerships with indigenous groups for conservation efforts and empowering farmers through sustainable agricultural practices. This commitment has earned them well-deserved recognition, including the prestigious Forest Heroes Award in 2022.

Meanwhile, Eco-Friend, a social enterprise, paints a vibrant picture of sustainability with its upcycling initiative. Transforming discarded plastic bottles into stunning, handcrafted home décor and accessories, they not only divert waste from landfills but also empower marginalized communities. Eco-Friend’s dedication has breathed new life into over 500,000 plastic bottles, providing fair wages and valuable skill development to over 100 women from underprivileged backgrounds. Their story is a testament to the transformative power of sustainability, where environmental responsibility beautifully intertwines with social empowerment.

These Malaysian champions showcase that genuine sustainability is not just an abstract concept but a tangible force capable of shaping a brighter future. Their successes demonstrate that environmental responsibility and economic prosperity can coexist, attracting investment, enhancing brand reputation, and ultimately driving long-term success for both businesses and communities. Their stories ignite a spark of hope, urging others to join the movement and illuminate the path towards a more sustainable Malaysia, and by extension, a more sustainable world.

Yet, the greenwash bite extends far beyond misleading consumers. It directly impacts local communities, particularly in Southeast Asia, where vulnerable populations bear the brunt of unsustainable practices. False promises of “clean” energy, like mining “clean coal” or building supposedly “eco-friendly” hydropower dams, can displace indigenous communities, destroy ecosystems, and pollute vital water sources. Greenwashed waste management, with misleading claims about “biodegradable” products or inadequate recycling initiatives, leads to increased waste accumulation in villages and towns, posing health risks and environmental hazards. Even under the guise of “sustainability,” harmful practices like land grabs and unfair labour conditions in agricultural supply chains can exploit local communities, trapping them in poverty cycles.

Recognizing the detrimental effects of greenwashing, Southeast Asian countries are taking steps, albeit uneven, to strengthen regulations and enforcement. In Malaysia, a beacon of progress shines with the Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) introducing comprehensive sustainability reporting requirements for publicly listed companies in 2022. These mandatory regulations, effective for financial years starting from June 2023, demand transparency in environmental and social performance, marking a significant step towards holding businesses accountable for their sustainability claims.

Indonesia also showed promise with its Ministry of Environment and Forestry establishing the “Ecolabel” system in 2011. This green labelling system certifies products based on their environmental performance, empowering consumers with informed choices. However, the system’s effectiveness faces challenges due to limited awareness and enforcement capacity, highlighting the need for further development and support.

Meanwhile, Singapore’s Environmental Protection Agency remains active in raising awareness about greenwashing through various campaigns and initiatives, contributing to a more informed consumer base. Though pinpointing a specific campaign requires further details, the agency’s ongoing efforts undoubtedly play a crucial role in combating greenwashing’s deceptive reach.

However, challenges remain. Regulatory frameworks across the region are uneven and riddled with loopholes and inconsistencies that greenwashing perpetrators can exploit. Additionally, a lack of resources and enforcement capacity hinders effective implementation.

Addressing greenwashing requires a multi-pronged approach, a collective symphony played by consumers, businesses, governments, and NGOs. Consumers must become informed, equipping themselves with knowledge about greenwashing tactics and reliable verification platforms like the Rainforest Alliance and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). They must demand transparency, asking businesses for concrete data and evidence to support their sustainability claims. Supporting genuine efforts and empowering their voices through social media and community engagement are crucial actions consumers can take.

Businesses, on the other hand, must embrace genuine sustainability. Token gestures have no place in this orchestra; integrating sustainability into core operations and decision[1]making is the key melody. Prioritizing transparency by publishing accurate and accessible environmental and social data, undergoing independent audits when necessary, and collaborating with stakeholders to develop and implement effective sustainability solutions are vital chords in this symphony.

Finally, leading by example and inspiring others to follow suit can create a harmonious shift towards a more sustainable business landscape. Governments must strengthen regulations, crafting and enforcing comprehensive regulations that address greenwashing tactics across different industries. Holding perpetrators accountable with penalties and sanctions for misleading claims and non-compliance with sustainability standards is like tuning the instruments for better performance. Fostering regional cooperation, sharing best practices, and harmonizing regulations across Southeast Asia create a united chorus against greenwashing. Finally, investing in enforcement, allocating resources and training enforcement personnel to effectively monitor and implement regulations, ensures the entire symphony operates in rhythm.

NGOs, the conductors of this transformative ensemble, must educate and raise awareness through workshops, campaigns, and educational programs, empowering consumers to recognize and combat greenwashing. Advocating for stronger regulations by collaborating with policymakers and government agencies ensures the score aligns with ethical principles.

Supporting and partnering with businesses to develop and implement authentic sustainability initiatives showcase successful models of collaboration, setting the perfect tempo for change. Finally, monitoring and reporting greenwashing practices through research, investigations, and public campaigns shine a spotlight on the disharmonious notes, ensuring accountability and continuous improvement.

By working together, consumers, businesses, governments, and NGOs can create a powerful force for change. It’s time to move beyond the greenwashed facade and embrace genuine sustainability, building a future where environmental responsibility is not just a marketing ploy but a core principle driving our economies and societies towards a brighter, healthier planet.

Remember, the fight against greenwashing is an ongoing performance, and your voice is a critical instrument in shaping a greener, more responsible future for Southeast Asia and beyond. Let’s orchestrate a future where genuine sustainability takes center stage, and the curtain falls on greenwashing once and for all. Remember, the fight for authentic sustainability is an ongoing performance, and your voice is a vital instrument in shaping a brighter future.